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different zones and the parameters may change throughout the equipment. APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS Is the project to be bid to an application contractor, done turn-key by a lining manufacturer, or will there be separate specifications for material supply and application? Once you have determined that, instructions to the applicator on what is expected should be as detailed as possible. Often the instructions simply state: "According to the manufacturer's recommendations." The advantage of this approach limits the specification writer's liability, but it has the potential to leave out who is responsible for provid- ing key features, such as environmental controls and labors under the belief that the lining manufacturer has published clear and readily available data and guide- lines to cover every situation. A superior approach is to provide as many guidelines as possible with the caveat as to whether the specification or the published data takes precedence if there is a contra- diction with the lining manufacturer's published data. A few key features that should be defined and will likely not be covered in the manufacturer's literature are: t all utilities and services provided by owner, utilities and services to be provided by contractor, such as electric power, water, air, etc.; t if the contractor is expected to provide access, such as scaffold, hoists, rigging and platforms; t access limitations; t coordination with other on-site contractors and ongoing jobs; t if the contractor is expected to provide environmental controls, such as dehumidification (D/H), heating, and/ or cooling to maintain the environ- ment; t and, of course, very clear guidelines as to what is to be lined with what. QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL A specification should clearly state who is responsible for quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), what level of responsibility the inspector has, and what is expected as a minimum practice. The manufacturer's published guidelines are a great reference for requirements. NACE and SSPC are also excellent resources for information and training in regard to establishing and training to monitor the various parameters that make up lining QA/QC. While it is perfectly acceptable to leave all QA/QC up to the applicator, it is highly recommended that you specify or supply a third-party QA/QC. Although the vast majority of application contrac- tors are trustworthy and will do their utmost to follow the requirements spelled out in application instructions and manufacturer's guidelines, it is a conflict of interest for applicators to monitor themselves. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS As with all industrial projects, safety should be the number one consideration. 26 CoatingsPro J July 2012