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Table 1: History, AWWA Standards, Thickness, Blast Cleaning, Surface Profile Depth, Application Temperature, and Estimated Cost of Linings Used on Large Diameter Steel Water Pipe Lining System Portland Cement Mortar Coal Tar Enamel Liquid Epoxy Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Polyurethane First Use Before 1836 Mid (gas line) C213 1980s 1930s 1950s 1960 1 Initial lining cost. 2 AWWA Standard C104 C205 C602 7A.4 & .5 C203 C210 First Edition of AWWA Standard 1939 1941 1955 1940 1973 Lining 1978 1979 C222 1999 Maintenance lining cost. PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR The predominant lining system used on steel pipelines in the water industry is portland cement mortar. It is not well known outside of the water pipeline industry. This minimum ½"-thick (1.2 cm) lining made using portland cement, fine aggregate (sand), and water protects the interior of steel pipe from corrosion by the process called passivation. Passivation is the same process that provides corrosion resistance to stainless steels. The use of mortar linings on steel water lines dates back to at least 1855 when a 12"-diameter (30 cm) riveted-steel pipeline was installed in the city of St. John, New Brunswick, Canada. A section of this pipe was removed from service due to line relocation in 1963 after 108 years of service transporting relatively aggressive potable % Pipe with Lining in U.S. >95 <1 <3 <1 <2 Blast Thickness ½" (1.2 cm) minimum 3/32"±1/32" (2.4±0.8 mm) 0.016" (0.41 mm) minimum 0.020" (0.51 mm) minimum Cleaning Require- ment Not Applicable Commercial Near White 0.012-0.015" (0.30-0.38 mm) Near White Near White Surface Profile, mil (microns) Applicable Not Applicable 0.50 to 0.75 Not 1.5-3.5 (38-89) >5o 2.0-4.0 (50-100) >5o (50-100) >5o 2-4 F (>2.7o F (>2.7o C) No Current Information 1.5-4.0 (38-100) No Rust Bloom F (>2.7o Metal Temp above Dew Point/Surface Appearance Estimated Cost, $/ft2 Shop- Applied Field-Applied ~3 to 7 No Current Information C) 2.00 to 3.00 No Current Information >6.50 Not Applicable C) 2.75 to 3.95 ~5 to 81 ~1 to 42 HEMPEL Protective & Marine Coatings Your Strategic Partner helping you minimize Corrosion and Cost. Houston Oil and Gas Center of Excellence +1 936 523 5427 hempel.us@hempel.com Write in Reader Inquiry #222 50 CoatingsPro J July 2012 Find out more at www.hempel.us